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1. Grammar: Noun Clauses.  Definition:  These are clauses that function as nouns within a larger sentence. Usage: They can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, noun complements, or verb complements. Example: - I know [that you are busy]. ([The noun clause "that you are busy" functions as the direct object of "know".]) 2. Grammar: Noun Clauses - Embedded Questions. Definition:  These are noun clauses that are indirect questions embedded within a larger sentence. Usage: They are used to make indirect questions within a sentence, and they follow the structure of a declarative sentence rather than a direct question. Example: - She asked [where the library is]. ([The noun clause "where the library is" functions as the direct object of "asked".])  

1. Grammar:  The Causative. Usage: It is used to indicate that someone makes someone else do something, i.e., when someone causes something to happen. Structure: Subject + causative verb (make/ have/ get) + object + base verb. Example: - I made him clean his room. (Lo hice limpiar su cuarto). - I had my car washed. (Mandé a lavar mi carro).  2. Grammar: The Passive Causative. Usage: It is used when the action is not performed by the subject, but is done to the subject by someone else. Structure: Subject + causative verb (make/ have/ get) + object + be + past participle. Example: - He was made to clean his room. (Él fue obligado a limpiar su cuarto). - She was made to apologize.  (La hicieron pedir disculpas).